Excel INDEX+MATCH Formula Explained | Index Match का मैजिक Vlookup & Xlookup नहीं कर सकते1. Understand the Excel problem
Imagine your data looks something like this:
Suppose you enter an Employee ID, such as 105, and you want Excel to automatically give you:
Employee Name
Designation
City
Salary
Joining Date
The problem is that Employee ID is the last column.
2. Why not VLOOKUP?
The tutorial first talks about VLOOKUP.
The basic structure of VLOOKUP is:
=VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, column_number, FALSE)
VLOOKUP searches for the lookup value in the first column of the selected table.
But in this example:
Employee Name → Designation → City → Salary → Date → Employee ID
Employee ID is at the end, not the beginning.
Instead, we use:
INDEX + MATCH
3. Understand INDEX
The basic INDEX formula is:
=INDEX(array, row_num)
"From this range, give me the value from this particular row."
For example:
=INDEX(A2:A10,3)
This means:
Go to the range A2:A10 and return the value from the 3rd row.
But we don't want to manually type the row number.
We want Excel to find the correct row automatically.
That's where MATCH comes in.
4. Understand MATCH
The basic MATCH formula is:
=MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array, 0)
It means:
"Find this value in this column and tell me its position."
For example:
=MATCH(105,F2:F10,0)
If Employee ID 105 is the first item in F2:F10, MATCH returns:
1If Employee ID 106 is the second item, it returns:
2
If Employee ID 107 is the third item, it returns:
3
The 0 means:Find an exact match.
5. Combine INDEX and MATCH
Now we combine them.
Suppose:
Employee ID is in column F
Employee Name is in column A
The Employee ID you're searching for is in E3
The formula can be:
=INDEX(A2:A10,MATCH(E3,F2:F10,0))
Let's break this formula down.
First part
INDEX(A2:A10,...
We're telling Excel:
"I want the answer from the Employee Name column."
Second part
MATCH(E3,F2:F10,0)
We're telling Excel:
"Find the Employee ID from E3 inside the Employee ID column."
So if E3 contains 105, MATCH finds where 105 is located.
Then INDEX uses that row position to return the corresponding employee name.
For example:
Employee ID = 105
↓
MATCH finds 105
↓
MATCH returns row position
↓
INDEX uses that position
↓
Employee Name = Pradeep
6. Why the tutorial uses the heading with MATCH
This is one of the more confusing parts of the transcript.
The tutorial wants to make the formula drag-friendly.
Instead of manually changing the return range every time, it uses another MATCH to identify
which column should be returned.
So the formula becomes:
=INDEX($A$2:$F$10,MATCH($E3,$F$2:$F$10,0),MATCH(A$1,$A$1:$F$1,0))
This is a more powerful version of INDEX + MATCH.
It has two MATCH functions.
7. Understand the complete formula
Let's assume your table is:
A = Employee Name
B = Designation
C = City
D = Salary
E = Joining Date
F = Employee ID
And the headings are in row 1.
Your formula could be:
=INDEX($A$2:$F$10,MATCH($E3,$F$2:$F$10,0),MATCH(A$1,$A$1:$F$1,0))
There are three important components.
Component 1 — INDEX array
$A$2:$F$10
This is the entire data table.
We're telling Excel:
"The answer will come from somewhere inside this table."
Component 2 — Row MATCH
MATCH($E3,$F$2:$F$10,0)
This finds the Employee ID.
For example:
E3 = 105
MATCH searches for 105 in:
F2:F10
and tells INDEX which row contains employee 105.
Component 3 — Column MATCH
MATCH(A$1,$A$1:$F$1,0)
This determines which information we want.
For example, if A1 contains:
Employee Name
MATCH searches for "Employee Name" in the headings.
It returns the column position of Employee Name.
If we move the formula to the next column and the heading becomes:
Designation
MATCH finds the Designation column.
Move it again:
City
MATCH finds City.
This is why the formula can be dragged horizontally.
8. What does $ mean?
This is another major part of the tutorial.
The dollar sign $ is used to lock or fix a cell reference.
For example:
A1
can move when you copy the formula.
But:
$A$1
is completely locked.
It won't move.
There are four possibilities:
Reference What is locked? A1 Nothing $A$1 Column + Row $A1 Column only A$1 Row only
| Reference | What is locked? |
|---|---|
| A1 | Nothing |
| $A$1 | Column + Row |
| $A1 | Column only |
| A$1 | Row only |
9. Why does the tutorial press F4?
In Excel, pressing F4 while editing a cell reference cycles through the locking options.
For example, start with:
E3
Press F4 once:
$E$3
Press F4 again:
E$3
Press F4 again:
$E3
Press F4 again:
E3
So F4 lets you quickly control what moves and what stays fixed.
10. Why lock the Employee ID column?
The tutorial uses something like:
$E3
This means:
$E → column E is locked
3 → row can change
This is useful when you drag the formula down.
For example:
E3 = 105
E4 = 106
E5 = 107
When you drag the formula down:
$E3
becomes:
$E4
$E5
The column stays E, but the row changes.
That's exactly what we want.
11. Why lock the main data range?
The tutorial also locks the main table:
$A$2:$F$10
Why?
Because when you drag the formula down, you don't want the data range to move.
Without $:
A2:F10
When you drag down, Excel might change it to:
A3:F1
Then:
A4:F12
That's not what we want.
With:
$A$2:$F$10
the range stays exactly the same.
12. Why lock the heading row?
The tutorial also uses something like:
A$1
This means:
Column can move
Row 1 stays fixed
This is important when you drag the formula across columns.
For example:
A$1
becomes:
B$1
then:
C$1
then:
D$1
The row stays at 1, while the column changes.
That's how Excel knows:"Now I want Employee Name, then Designation, then City, then Salary..."
13. Why the formula can now be dragged
This is the whole purpose of the $ signs.
You have a formula that knows:
Where the complete table is → keep fixed
Where Employee IDs are → keep the column fixed, allow row to change
Which heading to use → keep the heading row fixed, allow column to change
So you can drag the formula:
Down → get information for Employee 105, 106, 107, etc.
Across → get Name, Designation, City, Salary, Date, etc.